While the majority of tumors at this location comprise of pilocytic astrocytoma, ependymoma, and medulloblastoma, some rare examples may also arise; common differentials must be considered and prudently excluded to arrive at the diagnosis which is crucial in guiding the neurosurgeon. Both squash smears and rapid frozen section should be prepared and complement each other for rapid on-site evaluation.While the majority of tumors at this location comprise of pilocytic astrocytoma, ependymoma, and medulloblastoma, some rare examples may also arise; common differentials must be considered and prudently excluded to arrive at the diagnosis which is crucial in guiding the neurosurgeon. Both squash smears and rapid frozen section should be prepared and complement each other for rapid on-site evaluation. To assess the feasibility of balloon catheter occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA), external carotid artery (ECA), and maxillary artery (MA) in standing horses. Experimental and clinical cases series. Eight healthy horses (phase 1) and 11 clinical cases (phase 2). Occlusions were performed on standing horses under sedation and local anesthesia. In phase 1, four horses underwent bilateral ICA balloon catheter occlusion, and four horses underwent balloon catheter occlusion of the ECA and MA. In phase 2, horses were treated by occlusion of ICA (n = 7), ECA (n = 2), or ECA and ICA (n = 2). Internal carotid artery occlusion was successful in seven of eight and seven of nine arteries in phases 1 and 2, respectively. The procedures lasted 53 and 50 minutes, respectively, and catheters were inserted over 13 ± 0.7 cm (mean ± SD). External carotid artery occlusion was successful in seven of seven and four of four arteries in phases 1 and 2, respectively, with mean durations of 31 and 26 minutes, respectively, and a mean distance of catheter insertion of 11.9 cm. Maxillary artery occlusion was successful in five of seven arteries (phase 1), with a mean surgical duration of 47 minutes and a mean distance of catheter insertion of 42.8 cm. Balloon catheter occlusion of the ICA, ECA, and MA was achieved in most standing horses. Balloon catheter occlusion in standing horses provides an alternative to prevent or treat hemorrhage related to guttural pouch mycosis, particularly in horses in which general anesthesia might pose a risk.Balloon catheter occlusion in standing horses provides an alternative to prevent or treat hemorrhage related to guttural pouch mycosis, particularly in horses in which general anesthesia might pose a risk. Porcine ear skin is used in studies of percutaneous penetration as a substitute for human skin. The objective of the present study was to determine the structure of the hair follicles on the dorsal area of porcine ear skin and make a morphometric comparison with the hair follicles of human skin. Sections of frozen biopsies were cut vertically to the skin surface in longitudinal sections using a cryotome and were investigated using microscopy. For each hair follicle, various parameters were determined. The follicular density in porcine ear skin varies according to the area studied, and the length of most of the follicles was approximately 1458±286μm. The size of the follicular orifice was also determined in a total of 305 follicles. It showed a diameter of roughly 113±43μm. The results showed a very good similarity between human and pig hair follicles. find more Therefore, porcine ear skin can be considered as a very suitable model of human skin in dermal and especially follicular penetration studies.The results showed a very good similarity between human and pig hair follicles. Therefore, porcine ear skin can be considered as a very suitable model of human skin in dermal and especially follicular penetration studies.The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of zearalenone (ZEA) on the reproductive system morphometry, oestrogen (E2) levels and oocyte quality of beef heifers. Twenty non-pregnant purebred Nellore (Bos indicus) heifers [age, ≥18 months; initial body weight, 348 ± 30 kg (mean ± standard deviation)] were used. The animals were randomly divided into experimental group and a control group of 10 animals each. Group experimental was administered 300 ppb ZEA per os for 98 days, and the control group was administered placebo per os for 98 days. The administration of ZEA was carried out daily by adding mycotoxin to the diet. All heifers were evaluated weekly via rectal ultrasound examinations (12 weeks). Diameters of the right and left uterine horns, right and left ovaries, largest antral follicle and corpus luteum were measured. Vulva size was also measured. Blood samples were collected to estimate E2 levels. At the end of 12 weeks, the heifers were slaughtered, and the ovaries were sent to the laboratory for in vitro embryo production. A completely randomized design was adopted, and repeated measures analysis of variance (p less then .05) was performed (except for oocyte quality). Vulva size (p = .0985); diameters of uterine horns (p = .0522), ovaries (p = .6955), antral follicles (p = .6355) and corpus luteum (p = .3808); and E2 levels (p = .3379) were not affected by the treatments. ZEA-contaminated diet significantly reduced (p = .05) the proportion of viable oocytes (49.4%, n = 207) compared with the control diet (59.9%, n = 222); however, the blastocyst rate did not differ between the groups (p = .9418). The results indicate that contamination of beef heifer's diet with 300 ppb ZEA affected neither morphometric parameters nor plasma oestrogen levels; however, ZEA contamination was detrimental to oocyte quality. To investigate the effect of losartan on preventing bladder fibrosis and protecting renal function in rats with neurogenic paralysis bladder (NPB). Rats were assigned to the transecting spinal nerves group (TSNG), transecting spinal nerves + losartan group (LSTG), and control group (CG). On Day 32 postsurgery, bladder capacity (BC), bladder compliance (ΔC), bladder leakage pressure (P ) of TSNG and LSTG while BC, ΔC, and bladder threshold pressure (P ) of CG were measured by cystometry in each cohort. Renal function and the expression quantity of Angiotensin Ⅱ (Ang II) in blood were detected, in addition Ang II, Ang II Type 1 receptor (AT1), transformation growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), Collagen Ⅲ, and collagen fibrin in the bladder tissue were detected too. ΔC in TSNG and LSTG decreased significantly compared to the CG. P in TSNG and LSTG were significantly higher than P in CG. Renal function of both TSNG and LSTG decreased significantly compared with the CG, but renal function in LSTG was better than in TSNG.

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