The FL produced greater PFJ loading variables compared to the BL. Further research is needed to examine a population of individuals who have patellofemoral pain (PFP) to see if their symptoms may be reduced when using the BL. To compare the change in supraspinatus tendon thickness (STT) following a high volume (HV) and high intensity (HI) swimming practice in shoulders of elite swimmers. Cohort Study. Non-clinical, state swim team training facility. A convenience sample of eight non-injured state and national level swimmers from a regional swim team were recruited for this study. Ultrasound measures of STT were collected in response to the two swimming practice sessions. Measures were taken prior to each swim practice; immediately after practice; 6-hours post practice and 24-hours post practice. A significant increase in STT resulted from both the HI and HV (p<0.05) practice immediately post practice. For the HI practice, the STT remained significantly thicker than pre-practice measures at the 6-hour post practice test (p<0.05) however no longer significant 24-hours post practice. The difference in the change in STT between the HI and HV practice was significantly different immediately post practice and 6-hours post practice (p<0.05) however no longer significant 24-hour post practice. Ultrasound measures of STT following different swimming volumes and intensities may provide information on shoulder tendon loads.Ultrasound measures of STT following different swimming volumes and intensities may provide information on shoulder tendon loads.Soil erosion has become one of the most serious environmental problems worldwide, and rainfall is considered a crucial factor in water erosion. Rainfall erosivity is defined as the ability of precipitation to trigger soil erosion. The accurate assessment of rainfall erosivity is essential before taking appropriate measures to stop or slow down water erosion. In this study, we calculated the rainfall erosivity in China using the Xie model and two satellite-based precipitation products (SPPs). Gauge-based data from 2417 stations in China were used for a comparison of the results. We also proposed a procedure to assess the performance of the two SPPs using four statistical metrics and provided recommendations for different sub-regions at different time scales. The results showed that the annual rainfall erosivity based on the IMERG-F and TMPA 3B42-V7 products and the in situ gauge stations were 2014, 1954, and 2138 MJ·mm/(hm2·h·yr), respectively. The spatial correlation between IMERG-F and situ gauge stations is 0.944 and that between the TMPA 3B42-V7 product and situ gauge stations is 0.909. The variation trends of the two were highly similar to those of the gauge-based rainfall erosivity at all time scales. The TMPA 3B42-V7 product is recommended for estimating rainfall erosivity in Haihe River Basin and Huaihe River Basin at monthly scale, in Haihe River Basin and China at seasonal scale, in the Haihe River Basin, Huaihe River Basin, Yellow River Basin at annual scale; while the IMERG-F is recommended for the remaining regions except Continental Basins at the three time scales. Generally, the IMERG-F has broader applicability than the TMPA 3B42-V7 product for estimating rainfall erosivity in China. The results of this study provide a reference for selecting suitable SPPs for rainfall erosivity estimates.In this study, molecular characteristics, source contributions, and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM2.5 for four haze levels in Zhengzhou, a megacity in central China with severe air pollution problems, have been analyzed. The concentrations of PAHs and PM2.5 on heavy haze (HH) days were 63% and 122% higher than non-haze (NH) days. The occurrence of high PAH concentration was often accompanied by the northwest wind along with adverse meteorological conditions that limit regional dispersion. The source apportionment results indicated that almost all sources contributed more PAH concentration on haze days. In particular, coal combustion and vehicle emissions contributions were almost doubled on HH days. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) of PAHs has been assessed. selleck BaP and DahA showed relatively high contributions to ILCR, and 31%-48% of ILCR is due to exposure to PAHs on high HH days.High spatial resolution drought projections for the Iberian Peninsula (IP) have been examined in terms of duration, frequency, and severity of drought events. For this end, a set of regional climate simulations was completed using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model driven by two global climate models (GCMs), the CCSM4 and the MPI-ESM-LR, for a near (2021-2050) and a far (2071-2100) future, and under two representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). Projected changes for these simulations were analyzed using two drought indices, the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), considering different time scales (3- and 12-months). The results showed that the IP is very likely to undergo longer and more severe drought events. Substantial changes in drought parameters (i.e., frequency, duration, and severity) were projected by both indices and at both time scales in most of the IP. These changes are particularly strong by the end of the century under RCP8.5. Meanwhile, the intensification of drought conditions is expected to be more moderate for the near future. However, the results also indicated key differences between indices. Projected drought conditions by using the SPEI showed more severe increases in drought events than those from SPI by the end of the century and, especially, for the high-emission scenario. The most extreme conditions were projected in terms of the duration of the events. Specifically, results from the 12-month SPEI analysis suggested a significant risk of megadrought events (drought events longer than 15 years) in many areas of IP by the end of the century under RCP8.5.Drought events are predicted to occur more frequently, but comprehensive knowledge of their effects on methane (CH4) oxidation by soil methanotrophs in upland ecosystems remains elusive. Here, we put forward a new conceptual model in which drought influences soil CH4 oxidation through a direct pathway (i.e., positive effects of soil CH4 oxidation via increasing soil aeration) and through an indirect pathway (i.e., negative effects of in planta ethylene (C2H4) production on soil CH4 oxidation). Through measuring soil CH4 efflux along a gradient of drought stress, we found that drought increases soil CH4 oxidation, as the former outweighs the latter on soil CH4 oxidation, based on a mesocosm experiment employing distinct levels of watering and a long-term drought field trial created by rainfall exclusion in a subtropical evergreen forest. Moreover, we used aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), a C2H4 biosynthesis inhibitor, to reduce in planta C2H4 production under drought, and found that reducing in planta C2H4 production increased soil CH4 oxidation under drought.

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